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Pain referral
Trigger points
Cranial nerve Spinal nerve
Historical
SPINAL NERVE SEGMENT
PLEXUS
INNERVATION OF MUSCLE & VISCERA DERMATOME PATTERN
S1
SACRAL
Gluteus Maximus, Medius & Minimus;
Piriformis; Superior & Inferior Gemelli; Obturator Internus; Rectus Femoris;
Vastus Lateralis; Vastus intermedius; Vastus Medialis; Biceps Femoris;
Semitendinosus; Semimembranosus; Tibialis Posterior; Peroneus Tertius;
Extensor Digitorum Longus & Brevis; Extensor Hallucis Longus; Peroneus
Longus & Brevis; Gastrocnemius; Soleus; Plantaris; Popliteus; Flexor
Digitorum Longus & Brevis; Flexor Hallucis Longus & Brevis; Abductor
Hallucis; Abductor Digiti Minimi; Quadratus Plantae; Flexor Digiti Minimi
Brevis; Dorsal Interossei; Plantar Interossei Traverses posteriorly
from S1 into the buttocks, posterior aspect of thigh, leg & heel also
involving the area of the lateral aspect of the heel, foot & little toe.
S2
SACRAL
Levator Ani; Coccygeus; Transversus
Perinei Superficialis; Bulbocavernosus; Ischiocavernosus; Transverse Perinei
Profundus; Sphincter Urethra; Sphincter Ani Externus; Piriformis; Gluteus
Maximus; Biceps Femoris; Gastrocnemius; Soleus; Plantaris; Popliteus: Flexor
Digitorum Longus; Flexor Hallucis Longus & Brevis; Abductor Hallucis;
Abductor Digiti Minimi; Quadratus Plantae; Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis;
Dorsal Interossei; Plantar Interossei Traverses posteriorly
from S2 through the gluteal cleavage sweeping slightly medial beneath the
gluteal cleft at which time it traverses inferiorly down the medial aspect
of the thigh, leg, ankle, and heel & terminates in the arch of the foot.
Anteriorly, in males, the root of the penis as well as approximately 2/3 of
the proximal shaft. In females, external genitalia.
S3
SACRAL
Levator Ani; Coccygeus; Transversus
Perinei Superficialis; Bulbocavernosus; Ischiocavernosus; Transversus
Perinei Profundus; Sphincter Ani Externus Posteriorly affects
the perianal region, anteriorly in males the distal 1/3 of the shaft, glands
penis and urethral meatus. In females, the internal genitalia are
innervated.
S4
SACRAL AND COCCYGEAL
Levator Ani; Coccygeus; Transversus
Perinei Superficialis; Bulbocavernosus; Ischiocavernosus; Transversus
Perinei Profundus; Sphincter Urethra; Sphincter Ani Seems to be limited
to the anal region
S5
COCCYGEAL
Levator Ani; Coccygeus; Transversus
Perinei Superficialis; Bulbocavernosus; Ischiocavernosus; Transversus
Perinei Profundus; Sphincter Urethra; Sphincter Ani; Appears to be limited
to the anus & rectum.
COCCYX
COCCYGEAL
Levator Ani; Coccygeus; Transversus
Perinei Superficialis; Bulbocavernosus; Ischiocavernosus; Transversus
Perinei Profundus; Sphincter Urethra; Sphincter Ani Appears to be limited
to the anus & rectum. © Copyright American Academy of Manual Medicine,
Inc. 2001, 2007, 2008. All rights reserved.
Spinal nerve supply of the sacro-coccygeal region